One 2018 book refers to aerial supply that the French needed to fly in 36000 tonnes of equipment – they managed 4000 tonnes. 175-192. A surpresa é total no campo francês. Mesmo quando se incitava os feridos a voltar ao combate – à falta de combatentes – havia ainda voluntários. Historians disagree regarding this moniker, with Martin Windrow maintaining that de Galard was referred to by this name by the garrison itself, but Michael Kenney and Bernard Fall maintaining it was added by outside press agencies. Điện Biên Phủ, sometimes called Dienbien Phu (Vietnamese: [ɗîənˀ ɓīən fû] (listen) / means Dienbien Prefecture), is a city in the northwestern region of Vietnam. O abastecimento e a evacuação de feridos ficaram duramente afectados. When presented with the plan, every major subordinate officer – Colonel Jean-Louis Nicot (commander of the French Air transport fleet), Cogny, and Generals Jean Giles and Jean Dechaux (the ground and air commanders for Operation Castor, the initial airborne assault on Điện Biên Phủ) – protested. Note-se que as tropas francesas efectivamente receberam uma ordem de cessar o combate à falta de munições e que elas não se renderam. These later became painfully obvious, but at the time may have been less apparent. Aí um outro calvário esperava os prisioneiros. [49]This included France's regular troops (notably elite paratrooper units, plus those of the artillery), French Foreign Legionnaires, Algerian and Moroccan tirailleurs (colonial troops from North Africa) and locally-recruited Indochinese (Laotian, Vietnamese and Cambodian) infantry. Depois da sua conquista em Novembro de 1953 durante a operação Castor, foi, no ano seguinte, o teatro de uma violenta batalha entre o corpo expedicionário francês, composto de tropas da Legião Estrangeira, de tropas coloniais pára-quedistas, de artilheiros, de cavaleiros, de tropas aerotransportadas pára-quedistas metropolitanas, regimento de engenharia, saúde, grupos de caça da força aérea. It was fought between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist revolutionaries. [39] The French National Defense Committee ultimately agreed that Navarre's responsibility did not include defending Laos. A maioria nunca na vida tinha saltado em paraquedas, nem mesmo pegado numa arma. Os franceses farão o mesmo ao tentar algumas surtidas no exterior do campo. Depois os artilheiros viêts concentraram-se em bombardear a pista de aterragem, que depressa de tornou inutilizável. The garrison was overrun in May after a two-month siege, and most of the French forces surrendered. [74] Reinforcements were sent north from Isabelle, but were attacked en route and fell back to Isabelle. [56] The victory at Beatrice "galvanized the morale" of the Viet Minh troops. A sua missão era apoderar-se das posições adversas e dos seus canhões, armados de lança-chamas. On 6 May, the Viet Minh launched another massed attack against Eliane 2, using, for the first time, Katyusha rockets. Para o estado-maior, francês era impossível que pudéssemos içar a artilharia para as elevações que dominam a bacia de Diên Biên Phu e atirar à vista. The partition was supposed to be temporary, and the two zones were meant to be reunited through national elections in 1956,[107] which were never held. Frete GRÁTIS em milhares de produtos com o Amazon Prime. Colonel Louis Berteil, commander of Mobile Group 7 and Navarre's main planner,[21] formulated the hérisson ('hedgehog') concept. Khe Sanh received 18,000 tons of aerial resupplies during the 77-day battle, whereas during the 167 days that the French forces at Điện Biên Phủ held out, they received only 4,000 tons. Este texto é disponibilizado nos termos da licença. [42] França estava sob o regime da Quarta República, marcada por uma grande instabilidade política. At this point, the morale of the Viet Minh soldiers was greatly lowered due to the massive casualties they had received from heavy French gunfire. [27], French staff officers failed to treat seriously several crucial differences between Điện Biên Phủ and Nà Sản: At Khe Sanh, a number of factors were significantly different from Điện Biên Phủ. [110] According to the Mutual Defense Assistance Act, the United States provided the French with material aid during the battle – aircraft (supplied by the USS Saipan), weapons, mechanics, 24 CIA/CAT pilots, and U.S. Air Force maintenance crews. Era relativamente fácil de dirigir os tiros contra a guarnição, visto que as posições viêt-minh eram sobranceiras ao campo entrincheirado. [85], Isabelle saw only light action until 30 March, when the Viet Minh isolated it and beat back the attempt to send reinforcements north. Der Film hält zunächst einmal mehr, als sein Titel verspricht, schildert er doch nicht nur die Schlacht von Dien Bien Phu, sondern liefert auch Hintergründe durch Szenen aus dem französischen Kommando in Hanoi und Szenen, welche die Situation insgesamt im Indochina des Frühjahrs 1954 vermitteln. Entre os actos mais heróicos, citemos para memória o combate desesperado de 10 soldados do 6º BPC que resistiram sem nenhum apoio aos assaltos dos viets durante 8 dias. After this key advance, the Viet Minh took control of more than 90 percent of the airfield, making accurate French parachute drops impossible. [5] Giáp compared Điện Biên Phủ to a "rice bowl", where his troops occupied the edge and the French the bottom. Shortly after dark on 31 March, Langlais told Major Marcel Bigeard, who was leading the defense at Eliane 2, to fall back from Eliane 4. By contrast, at Điện Biên Phủ, the French artillery (six 105 mm batteries and one battery of four 155 mm howitzers and mortars[126]) was only sporadically effective. O Viêt-Minh lançou então vagas de assalto humanas para tomar as posições francesas, mas esbarraram contra uma resistência encarniçada e sofreram pesadas perdas devido às minas e às metralhadoras. The massive explosion crater at the top of Eliane 2, created by Viet Minh sappers who successfully blew up the fortified outpost during the battle. Indirect artillery, generally held as being far superior to direct fire, requires experienced, well-trained crews and good communications, which the Viet Minh lacked. Another group of French soldiers, near the airfield, opened fire on the Viet Minh with anti-aircraft machine guns, forcing the Viet Minh to retreat. The Viet Minh, however, under General Võ Nguyên Giáp, surrounded and besieged the French. O material pesado (artilharia e blindados) é desmontado em Hanói, transportado em peças soltas, e depois remontado à chegada. Isso traduzia-se em sessões de autocrítica onde os prisioneiros deviam confessar os crimes cometidos contra o povo vietnamita (reais ou supostos), implorar o perdão, e estar gratos pela "clemência do Tio Ho que lhes deixa a vida salva". Este vai-e-vem aéreo funciona durante quatro meses para criar, abastecer e reforçar o campo entrincheirado. Os que estavam muito fracos morriam ou acabavam com eles. Esta táctica do campo-ouriço fortemente protegido tinha sido empregue com êxito em Na-San em Outubro-Dezembro de 1952. Die während der Schlacht bestatteten vietnamesischen Gefallenen wurden 1960 von vietnamesischen Regierungsstellen zentral erfasst und in zwei Ehrenfriedhöfe umgebettet. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu (French: Bataille de Diên Biên Phu pronounced [bataj də djɛn bjɛn fy]; Vietnamese: Chiến dịch Điện Biên Phủ, IPA: [ɗîəˀn ɓīən fû]) was a climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War that took place between 13 March and 7 May 1954. General Georges Catroux presided over a commission of inquiry into the defeat. Com efeito, o presidente Eisenhower tinha elaborado desde Abril a Teoria do Dominó, segundo a qual se a Indochina caísse no seio comunista então os países vizinhos cairiam também: Tailândia, Malásia, Birmânia…, Washington, observa Paul Boury (ex-oficial na Indochina e sobrevivente da batalha), o Estado-Maior inter-exércitos, presidido pelo almirante Arthur Radford, visava a uma intervenção aérea com cerca de sessenta bombardeiros pesados B-29 (aviões de carga, pilotados por militares norte-americanos em civil, já desempenhavam um papel essencial no abastecimento em víveres e munição para o Grupamento Operacional do Noroeste- Gono). The valley of Dien Bien Phu may have been the militarily significant route between Tonkin and Laos alleged at the time, but it was undoubtedly important in the … Historians are divided on whether this was a genuine attempt to repeat their success at Điện Biên Phủ by forcing the surrender of the Marine base, or else a diversion from the Tết Offensive, or an example of the North Vietnamese Army keeping its options open. The French and the few remaining Tais on Anne-Marie were then forced to withdraw. Ouviu-se homens bater-se e morrer cantando "A Marselhesa", no meio do estrondo das explosões. Alguns oficiais declararam: “Melhor seria que eles atacassem!”. França recuperará apenas 3.290 sobreviventes, extenuados, num estado esquelético. No plano estratégico, a escolha de Dien Bien Phu para ataque era sensata, por possuir o cruzamento das pistas pedestres e equestres em direção ao Laos (rota de abastecimento de artefatos militares), e por possuir uma pista de aterragem, que permitia um abastecimento maciço por ponte aérea a partir de Hanói. [30] Third, the aerial resupply lines at Nà Sản were never severed, despite Viet Minh anti-aircraft fire. O assalto é desencadeado a 13 de Março contra o ponto de apoio Béatrice ocupado pelo 3/13 DBLE (3º batalhão da 13ª meia-brigada da Legião Estrangeira) comandada pelo major Pégot. "France honors U.S. pilots for Dien Bien Phu role". Dien Bien Phu situa-se estrategicamente numa posição elevada sobre a bacia do alto de Tonquim, no Norte do Vietname.Em novembro de 1953, durante a guerra da Indochina, foi ocupado por milhares de paraquedistas franceses.Devido às condições geográficas do local, os franceses acreditavam ser impossível que o Vietminh não só os detetasse como cercasse e atacasse com êxito. [6] The role that the American pilots played in this battle had remained little known until 2004. In addition, monuments and memorials to both sides are situated across the region, as are the few remaining French Chaffee tank wrecks scattered all throughout the valley, such as in the many rice paddy-fields of the area. Three of its four battalions, however, were absent. Centenas de pessoas responderam ao apelo. Cogny: "Of course you will fight to the end. Durante várias horas recebe milhares de projécteis. Following a massive artillery barrage on 30 March, the Viet Minh began employing the same trench warfare tactics that they were using against the central camp. With its huge budget, all-star cast, and realistic war scenes produced with the cooperation of both the French and Vietnamese armed forces, Dîen Bîen Phu is regarded by many as one of the more important war movies produced in French filmmaking history. ~600 aircraft, 1,571[8]–2,293[9] dead1,729 missing[10] O conjunto era heteróclito: simples cidadãos anónimos, militares ou civis, comerciantes, empregados, funcionários receberam então o seu equipamento operacional. Eles tinham de facto pressa que os franceses partissem. Ninguém tinha imaginado um tal dilúvio de artilharia. They spared little thought or concern for the problems of their successors. A 96-meter tunnel connects the working-places of General Võ Nguyên Giáp and General Hoàng Văn Thái. Logan William S. Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam : Managing a Battle Site, Metaphoric and Actual. [56] The French artillery fired a "TOT" (time on target) mission, so that artillery rounds fired from different positions would strike on target at the same time. [52], The battle plan designed on the fast strike model was due to open at 5pm on 25 January and to finish three nights and two days later. Following a request for help from Henri Navarre, Radford provided two squadrons of B-26 Invader bomber aircraft to support the French. Os que terão melhor sobrevivido eram os feridos graves visto que não tiveram que suportar a marcha forçada de 700 km e foram tomados a cargo pela Cruz Vermelha. Everything was conducted on a day-to-day, reactive basis. French military forces had committed 10,800 troops, together with yet more reinforcements, totalling nearly 16,000 men, to the defense of a monsoon-affected valley surrounded by heavily-wooded hills and high ground that had not been secured. In 1974 Jean Pouget, a former officer in the Expeditionary Corps, commented bitterly but perceptively: "The fall of Dien Bien Phu marked the end of the colonial period and the beginning of … Theatres and restaurants closed and many social engagements were cancelled as a mark of respect. Diên Biên Phu is a 1992 film written and directed by French veteran Pierre Schoendoerffer. O exército francês conta 2 293 mortos nas suas fileiras, e, de entre os 11 721 soldados feitos prisioneiros, apenas 3 290 regressam vivos a França. [127] Also, the US Air Force dropped 114,810 tons of bombs on the North Vietnamese at Khe Sanh, roughly as many as on Japan in 1945 during World War II. The airstrip, already closed since 16:00 the day before due to a light bombardment, was now put permanently out of commission. Uma ordem escrita de cessar-fogo do Tenente-coronel Bigeard foi transmitida ao Tenente Allaire, no dia 7 de Maio de 1954 em Diên Biên Phu, na posição Éliane 3 às 17h00 ; depois foi dada a ordem geral de destruír todas as armas. Os abrigos eram portanto relativamente sumários: uns buracos com sacos de areia e uma chapa ondulada utilizada como cobertura. Outras unidades pára-quedistas são largadas em reforço nessa tarde ou nos dias seguintes e nas semanas que se seguem, depois da renovação da pista de aterragem construída pelos japoneses, os franceses encaminham por avião homens, material, armas e munições para Dien Bien Phu. [43], It was at this time that Giáp began his countermoves. [28] At Điện Biên Phủ, however, the Viet Minh controlled much of the high ground around the valley, their artillery far exceeded French expectations, and they outnumbered the French troops four to one.
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